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In recent years, there has been a growing dialogue around community-based and systems-based approaches to security risk management through the introduction of top-down and bottom-up knowledge acquisition. In essence, this relates to knowledge elicited from academic experts, or security subject-matter experts, practitioner experts, or field workers themselves and how much these disparate sources of knowledge may converge or diverge. In many ways, this represents a classic tension between organisational and procedural perspectives of knowledge management (i.e. top-down) versus more pragmatic and experience focussed perspectives (i.e. bottom-up).

This chapter considers these approaches and argues that a more consistent approach needs to address the conflict between procedures and experience, help convert field experience into knowledge, and ultimately provide effective training that is relevant to those heading out into demanding work situations. Ultimately, ethics and method are intricately bound together in whichever approach is taken and the security of both staff and at-risk populations depends upon correctly managing the balance between systems and communities.

Achieving localisation (the transfer of control to local actors) has proven extremely challenging in the development sector, and the humanitarian sector appears to be facing equal challenges. This chapter seeks to engage with that struggle and examine why this lesson has been so difficult to learn. Drawing on conference workshops and 10 key informant interviews, this paper examines the obstacles and opportunities for localisation, seeking to understand what makes it so hard for those who hold disproportionate power in humanitarian encounters to hand over power. The authors found a clear sense of localisation being a process rather than an outcome; optimism that momentum is slowly gathering towards this process, and a clear sense of the steps required to fully achieve it. Examining practitioners’ perspectives in this way adds an important voice to discussions of humanitarian practice.

A method is presented for calculating the critical state profiles in bulk superconductors. It can be used for asymmetric samples in non‐uniform fields and for transport currents as well as magnetisation. In this technique the sample starts with no current flowing. Elements carrying Jc are then inserted at the point of maximum vector potential and the field recalculated. The process is continued until the external field is screened from the interior. As an example the force on a magnet above a cylindrical puck is calculated.

The purpose of this paper is to examine an audit that was performed of all patients referred to a liaison psychiatry inpatient consultation service which sought to establish a baseline for demographics, type of referral, and management of referrals, with a view to introducing improved evidence‐based treatments. It also aims to examine timeliness of response to referrals benchmarked against published standards.

All inpatient referrals to a liaison psychiatry service were recorded over a six‐month period, including demographics, diagnosis, management and timeliness of response to referrals. The data were retrospectively analysed and compared against international standards.

A total of 172 referrals were received in the six months. Commonest referral reasons included assessments regarding depressive disorders (23.8 per cent), delirium/other cognitive disorders (19.2 per cent), alcohol‐related disorders (18.6 per cent), anxiety disorders (14.5 per cent), and risk management (12.2 per cent). Evidence‐based practices were not utilised effectively for a number of different types of presentations. A total of 40.1 per cent of referrals were seen on the same day, 75.4 per cent by the end of the next day, and 93.4 per cent by the end of the following day.

Use of a hospital protocol for management of delirium may improve outcomes for these patients. Evidence‐based techniques, such as brief intervention therapies, may be beneficial for referrals involving alcohol dependence. Referrals were seen reasonably quickly, but there is room for improvement when compared with published standards.

This paper provides valuable information for those involved in management of liaison psychiatry consultation services, providing ideas for development and implementation of evidence based practices.

Radiotherapy relies on the delivery of radiation to cancer cells with millimetre accuracy, and immobilisation of patients is essential to minimise unwanted damage to surrounding healthy cells due to patient movement. Traditional thermoformed face masks can be uncomfortable and stressful for patients and may not be accurately fitted. The purpose of this study was to use 3D scanning and additive manufacturing to digitise this workflow and improve patient comfort and treatment outcomes.

The head of a volunteer was scanned using an Artec Leo optical scanner (Artec, Luxembourg) and ANSYS (Ansys, Canonsburg, USA) software was used to make two 3D models of the mask: one with a nose bridge and one open as would be used with optical surface guidance. Data based on measurements from ten pressure sensors around the face was used to perform topology optimisation, with the best designs 3D printed using fused deposition modelling (FDM) and tested on the volunteer with embedded pressure sensors.

The two facemasks proved to be significantly different in terms of restricting head movement inside the masks. The optimised mask with a nose bridge effectively restricted head movement in roll and yaw orientations and exhibited minimal deformation as compared to the open mask design and the thermoformed mask.

The proposed workflow allows customisation of masks for radiotherapy immobilisation using additive manufacturing and topology optimisation based on collected pressure sensor data. In the future, sensors could be embedded in masks to provide real-time feedback to clinicians during treatment.

In recent years, the balanced scorecard (BSC) has received considerable interest among practitioners for managing their organization’s performance. Unfortunately existing BSC frameworks, particularly for humanitarian supply chains, lack causal relationships among performance indicators, actions, and outcomes. They are not able to provide a dynamic perspective of the organization with factors that drive the organization’s behavior toward its mission. Lack of conceptual references seems to hinder the development of a performance measurement system toward this direction. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

The authors formulate the interdependencies among key performance indicators (KPIs) in terms of cause-and-effect relationships based on published case studies reported in international journals from 1996 to 2017.

This paper aims to identify the conceptual interdependencies among KPIs and represent them in the form of a conceptual model.

The study was solely based on relevant existing literature. Therefore further practical research is needed to validate the interdependencies of performance indicators in the strategy map.

The proposed conceptual model provides the structure of a dynamic balanced scorecard (DBSC) in the humanitarian supply chain and should serve as a starting reference for the development of a practical DBSC model. The conceptual framework proposed in this paper aims to facilitate further research in developing a DBSC for humanitarian organizations (HOs).

Existing BSC frameworks do not provide a dynamic perspective of the organization. The proposed conceptual framework is a useful reference for further work in developing a DBSC for HOs.

The purpose of this paper is to empirically explore issues in humanitarian aid and disaster relief (HADR) missions and examine the effects of selected factors on mission success. The paper focusses on organisational perspectives of the Malaysian army due to their extensive experience in HADR operations.

Interactions among three broad factors namely human resource, logistics and coordination, as well as their effects on mission performance, were examined. A qualitative approach was chosen because it allowed for an exploratory yet a more in-depth analysis of the issues.

Results suggest that while the effects of logistics and coordination on mission success appear to be direct, human resource influences it in a more indirect manner. Additionally, from a military viewpoint, HADR teams are also challenged by factors which are less controllable such as public support and local infrastructure.

The study has contributed to knowledge by proposing a more refined model of HADR operations performance which highlights relationships not adequately studied before. Based on the model, a quantitative study can be undertaken in the future to determine the relative effect of each factor.

Among the areas of HADR operations that will benefit from the study are human resource and cross-cultural management, communication and interpersonal relations and information technology.

Military perspectives of HADR missions are shared in the paper, which enrich current understanding of issues faced in such operations. The paper should also serve as an impetus for greater empirical research among scholars concerned with organisational perspectives in HADR operations performance.

IN 1955 Hamburger Flugzeugbau began to reconstruct its Finkenwerder plant and develop its aeronautical activities, following the period of in‐activity after the Second World War. Production began with an order from the West German Federal Defence Ministry for components for the S.N.C.A.N. 2501 Noratlas built under licence for the West German Air Force. Final assembly and flight testing of this twin‐engined transport were also carried out at Finkenwerder. The next stage of development involved participation in the European licence production of the Lockheed F.104G Starfighter, and in the design and construction of the Franco‐German C.160 Transall transport. By J 958, HFB had completed the project stage of the design of a turbojet airliner—the HFB 314. This was a short /medium‐range airliner designed to carry 70 tourist class passengers over ranges up to 1,250 miles. Although Hamburger Flugzeugbau had designed the aircraft in close co‐operation with Lufthansa, West Germany's largest airline, and were fully prepared to produce the aircraft in consort with other German or European companies, development costs would have amounted to some £5 million and since no Government financial support was forthcoming, the project was abandoned. Determined to reassert its authority as a design agency, HFB turned to the jet executive field in 1960 and designed the twin‐jet HFB 320 Hansa. The most distinctive feature of this aircraft is without doubt its sweptforward wing and it is this feature which is dealt with in detail in this article. The decision to utilize such a wing was based to some extent on Hamburger Flugzeugbaus‘ technical experience in the development of the Junkers Ju 287 sweptforward wing dating back to the Second World War. The HFB 320 Hansa is powered by two General Electric CJ 610–1 turbo‐jets, each of which has a weight of 355 lb. and a thrust of 2,850 lb. The engine's eight‐stage axial compressor has a mass flow of 565 at. ft. I sec. at 16,500 r.p.m. At gross weights of 16,000 to 18,000 lb., the Hansa will cruise at 500 m.p.h. over ranges up to 1,600 miles with full reserves. Well over 2,000 hours of model testing have been carried out in wind tunnels at the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt, (Goettingen), National Luchten Ruimtvaartlaboratorium (Amsterdam), Torrejon (Madrid), Emmen (Switzerland) and Modane (France).‐ Static testing is underway on an airframe structural specimen including: test for maximum cabin pressure, windshield strength test—bird impact, investigation of ground and landing loads, and investigation of loading at the extremes of the flight envelope. Later this summer, HFB will commence a programme of loading tests of a dynamic test airframe utilizing the water tank technique, involving pressurization cycles and gust loading to simulate 50,000 flights. Assembly of the first prototype HFB 320 Hansa was completed on March 18, 1964, and was followed by ground resonance tests, and engine ground’ running prior to the aircraft's maiden flight on April 21. The prototype, which carries extensive flight test instrumentation and is not equipped with the production‐type cabin, made its first public appearance at the Deutsches Luftfahrtschau at Hanover‐Langenhagen a few days later. The full flight test programme is currently being pursued.

Public libraries across the country are adding a new component to their collections and services: the home computer. Below are several mini “case studies” describing the experiences of seven libraries with their computer collections.

For the last two years the prices of Atari's games and computers have dropped so much that the company was forced to dump—literally—thousands of dollars worth of games and equipment. According to an article in The New York Times (September 28, 1983), faced with a major slump in the sale of video games and a loss of $310.5 million in the second quarter of 1983, Atari dumped 14 truckloads of games and computer equipment into a landfill in Alamogordo, New Mexico. However, in spite of the decreasing sales of video games and decreasing attendance at arcades, attendance and circulation are up at the handful of libraries around the country that own/loan video games.